Primers used in this study.

For: forward primer. Rev: reverse primer. For mitochondrial control region primers (WF and FF), position in winter flounder sequence U12068 is given; for 18S primers, position in EU637075, Kareius bicoloratus 18S rRNA gene is given; for Uni-Minibar primers, position in HM180652, Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COXI) is given. Tm: melting temperature predicted by Integrated DNA Technologies’ Oligoanalyzer program (http://www.idtdna.com/analyzer/applications/oligoanalyzer/). GC%: % GC content of primer. a exact length varies between species.