Permian-Triassic tectonic evolution of the Ailaoshan orogenic belt in SW China: insights from magmatic records

The Ailaoshan orogen in SW China records the evolution of the Ailaoshan Paleo-Tethyan ocean and the amalgamation history between the South China and Indochina blocks, an important process for the formation of Southeast Asia. However, its tectonic evolution remains ambiguous with various competing models. We have carried out an integrated geochronological–petrological–geochemical study for the granites, dacites-rhyolites, granodiorites and trachyandesites in this orogen to give new constraints on this issue. The 255–254 Ma granites and the 250–248 Ma dacites-rhyolites show similar geochemical features and are characterized by strongly peraluminous nature, continental crust-like trace element patterns and negative zircon ε_Hf(t) values (−14.4 to −6.6), indicating they derived from partial melting of ancient crust. The 229 Ma hornblende-bearing granodiorites are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous (A/CNK = 0.96–1.01) and belong to high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites. They show depleted whole-rock Sr-Nd and zircon Hf isotope compositions (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7027 to 0.7038, ε_Nd(t) = 4.0 to 4.1, ε_Hf(t) = 9.3 to 11.5), suggestive of derivation from partial melting of juvenile mafic crust. The 226 Ma trachyandesites are characterized by high MgO (4.1–4.6 wt.%), high Mg^# (56) and arc-type geochemical affinities with enriched isotope compositions (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7108 to 0.7111, ε_Nd(t) = −7.7 to −7.5, ε_Hf(t) = −6.3 to −3.5). These features indicate that their parental magmas derived from partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle metasomatized by oceanic sediment-derived melts. These new data, in conjunction with spatial-temporal-temperature variations of igneous rocks, metamorphic records and stratigraphic changes in the region, suggest that the Ailaoshan Paleo-Tethyan ocean closed at the Early Triassic (ca. 250 Ma) which was followed by the Late Triassic postcollisional slab breakoff, and the ocean experienced westward unipolar subduction during its evolution with no assumed eastward subduction.