Online Extremism: A Multidimensional Analysis through Discourse, Manifestos, and Social Media

Online extremism is a multidimensional phenomenon rooted in ideological, cultural, and social dynamics. This article examines five key dimensions: conceptual foundations, extremist discourses, social media cultures, methodological approaches, and broader implications. It shows how identity narratives, victimhood, and “us versus them” logic drive radicalization in both far-right and Islamist contexts. Manifestos and online platforms like TikTok and Telegram serve as tools of recruitment and normalization. By integrating content analysis, NLP, and network methods, the study highlights the need for multi-level strategies and policies that balance security with freedom in countering online extremism.