L4–L5 range of motion (in degrees), corresponding to a moment of 8 Nm in flexion and 6 Nm in extension, ±6 Nm in lateral bending, and ±5 Nm in axial rotation.

Abbreviations:
FE  =  Flexion-Extention.
MI –D =  Minimally invasive decompression.
TD  =  Traditional decompression.
WTD  =  Wide traditional decompression.
(SD)  =  Standard deviation.
(*denotes statistically significant difference from the intact condition;
†denotes statistically significant difference from the MI-D condition).
The values in parentheses denote one standard deviation of the mean.