CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: EARLY DETECTION AND INTEGRATED TREATMENT APPROACH

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition characterized by structural or functional abnormalities of the kidneys persisting for more than three months. It represents a major global health concern due to its increasing prevalence, strong association with cardiovascular morbidity, and high mortality rates. Early stages of CKD are often asymptomatic, leading to delayed diagnosis and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathophysiology involves nephron loss, glomerular hyperfiltration, fibrosis, and systemic metabolic disturbances. Early detection through screening of high-risk populations and implementation of integrated treatment strategies—including blood pressure control, glycemic management, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade, and use of SGLT2 inhibitors—can significantly slow disease progression and reduce cardiovascular complications. This article reviews the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, staging, and comprehensive management strategies of CKD, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and multidisciplinary care.