Table 1 in Island biodiversity conservation needs palaeoecology

Table 1 | The set of biological proxies, management questions and informed conservation actions used within the text to track back human impacts on island ecosystems.
ImpactBiological proxyManagement questionsInformed conservation actionInvasive and non-native speciesPlant microfossils,plant macrofossils, ancient DNA(1) Timing of species introductionEradication,restoration, monitoring(2) Resolving the species provenance(3) Rate and pattern of spread(4) Assessment of the impact on native ecosystemsFirePlant microfossils,charcoal (macro-and micro),tree ring fire-scars*,charred plant macrofossils*(5) Determine natural versus human-induced fire regimesFire suppression,fire prevention,restoration(6) Determine ecosystem thresholds in response to fire(7) Assessing the interaction with other anthropogenic disturbancesHerbivoryFungal spores (for example, Sporormiella),(8) Determine the origin and presence of herbivoresEradication,restoration, monitoringplant microfossils,ancient DNA,faunal(9) Analyse the rate and pattern of the introductionremains (for example,bones)(10) Assessment of the impact on native ecosystems
Note that some biological proxies can be used to characterize different impacts.*Not discussed in the text.