Demographic profile of the affected and comparison groups at baseline survey.

Affected group: households with a maternal death; Comparison group: matched households without maternal death; SD: Standard Deviation. aPrimiparas refers to a woman who has given birth once. bIn China, “minority” means non-Han ethnicity, including Hui, Yi, Hani, etc. cDependency ratio is the ratio of dependent part (number of those under the age of 15 and over the age of 64 in the household) to productive part (number of those ages between 15–64 in the household).