BackgroundWhile the nephrotoxicity of lead and cadmium is well-established, the impact of low-level exposure on risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and long-term health outcomes, especially in CKD pa
Background: Although preeclampsia (PE), as an endothelial disorder can lead to renal dysfunction during pregnancy, results of studies focusing on the potential long-term potential effects of PE on ren
Never smoker was defined as those who have not ever smoked at least one cigarette a day for 1 year or longer. Ever smoker was defined as those who have ever smoked at least one cigarette a day for 1 y
