Rural Land Plans Impact Evaluation 2011 - Benin

Abstract
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Benin is one of the countries in West Africa where the design and implementation of policies to consolidate land rights is furthest advanced. The Plan Fonciers Rural (PFR), first tried in Côte d'Ivoire in 1989 and piloted in Benin since 1993, is a key policy experiment in this respect. The program is currently in the initial stages of a planned implementation scale-up in Benin. The objectives of the program are to improve tenure security and stimulate agricultural investment in rural areas through the registration of land rights. The Plan Fonciers Ruraux Impact Evaluation presents early evidence from the first large-scale randomized-controlled trial of a land formalization policy. The study was designed to address the following questions and issues:

- What is the effect of the PFR on perceived and de facto tenure security?
- What is the effect of the PFR on land market participation and land prices?
- What is the effect of the PFR on investment in land and agricultural production and yields?
- Additional issues: off-farm activities and gender differentiated impacts

The study examines the links between land demarcation and investment in rural Benin in light of a model of agricultural production under insecure tenure. The demarcation process involved communities in the mapping and attribution of land rights; cornerstones marked parcel boundaries and offered lasting landmarks. Consistent with the model, improved tenure security under demarcation induces a shift toward long-term investment on treated parcels. This investment does not yet coincide with gains in agricultural productivity. The analysis also identifies significant gender specific effects. Female-managed landholdings in treated villages are more likely to be left fallow-an important soil fertility investment. Women further respond to an exogenous tenure security change by moving production away from relatively secure, demarcated land and toward less secure land outside the village to guard those parcels.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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Households

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The sample was drawn using a sub-set of rural households from a national household survey from 2010. In total, 3,507 households were surveyed in 291 villages, of which 192 were selected to receive a PFR and 99 were randomly selected to serve as control villages, resulting in 66 observed lottery pools. In line with the identification strategy, this study focused on those households with at least one landholding in their village of residence: 85% of households had one landholding in the same village as their homestead, 9% had their landholding outside their village of residence, and 6% had no landholdings. This led to a working sample of 4,972 households, with detailed information on 6,094 parcels.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

摘要
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贝宁是西非国家中在巩固土地权利政策的设计与实施方面进展最远的国度之一。自1989年在科特迪瓦首次尝试，并于1993年在贝宁进行试点以来，农村土地规划（PFR）是此方面的关键政策试验。该计划目前在贝宁正处于计划扩大实施的初期阶段。该计划的目标是通过登记土地权利，提高土地权属的稳定性并刺激农村地区的农业投资。《农村土地规划影响评估》展示了关于土地规范化政策大规模随机对照试验的初步证据。本研究旨在探讨以下问题与议题：
- PFR对感知及实际土地权属安全性的影响是什么？
- PFR对土地市场参与度和土地价格有何影响？
- PFR对土地及农业生产与产量的投资有何影响？
- 其他议题：非农活动及性别差异化影响。
研究从农村贝宁土地划界与投资之间的联系出发，以不安全权属下的农业生产模型为依据。划界过程涉及社区在土地权属的测绘与分配；界标标记了地块边界，并提供了持久的地标。与模型相符，划界后权属安全性的提升促使对处理地块的投资向长期投资转变。这种投资尚未与农业生产力提升相一致。分析还识别出显著的性别特异性影响。受处理村庄的女性管理土地更有可能被闲置——这是一项重要的土壤肥力投资。女性还对外部权属安全性的变化做出反应，将生产从相对安全的划界土地转移到村庄外的更不安全土地，以保护这些地块。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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家庭
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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样本是从2010年全国家庭调查中抽取的农村家庭子集。总共在291个村庄中调查了3,507户家庭，其中192个村庄被选为接受PFR，99个村庄被随机选定作为对照组，从而产生了66个观察到的彩票池。根据识别策略，本研究专注于那些在其居住村庄至少拥有一块土地的家庭：85%的家庭在其住宅所在的村庄拥有一块土地，9%的家庭在其居住村庄外拥有土地，6%的家庭没有土地。这导致了4,972户家庭的实际样本，其中6,094块地块拥有详细信息。
数据收集方式
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计算机辅助个人访谈 [capi]