PHILOSOPHY OF BEING (ONTOLOGY)

This article provides a comprehensive and multi-layered analysis of ontology as one of the most fundamental and conceptual branches of philosophy. Within the scope of the study, the category of being is examined through the interrelation of its epistemological and ontological interpretations, and its substantial, attributive, and modal characteristics are explored on the basis of deep philosophical reflection. The dialectical relations between the material and spiritual forms of being, as well as their dynamics of development through contradiction and negation, are theoretically substantiated. Furthermore, the article analyzes the ontological status of the categories of space and time, including their absolute and relative properties, as well as metaphysical and post-metaphysical approaches associated with them. The role of human consciousness in the cognition of being is considered within the framework of subject–object relations, and new interpretations are proposed through phenomenological and existential perspectives. Philosophical views ranging from ancient Greek philosophy to modern continental and analytic traditions are comparatively examined to identify the evolutionary stages of ontological thought.