Treefile for Fig 2C.

More than a billion tons of chitin are produced on earth each year. Chitin is rich in nitrogen and carbon, making it a valuable resource in competitive microbial ecosystems. However, almost all chitin is found in large, insoluble structures like insect and crustacean exoskeletons. For this material to enter a microorganism’s primary metabolism, it must be degraded extracellularly through a saprophytic process. The extracellular nature of this process means that liberated oligomers may also become accessible to other microorganisms. How microbes navigate this challenge in terrestrial ecosystems remains largely unclear. Here, we show that Streptomyces venezuelae thrives on raw, insoluble chitin as its sole carbon and nitrogen source, outperforming glucose in metabolic activity and sporulation. This was facilitated by a chitinolytic system encompassing up to 10 chitinases and the DasABC chitobiose importer. While deleting some chitinases affected growth on chitin, others did not, implying some degree of functional redundancy. A dasBC null mutation conferred a severe growth defect suggesting that chitobiose is a key breakdown product during chitin-based metabolism in S. venezuelae. The DasABC transporter also played a crucial role in preventing the built-up of chitobiose extracellularly, thereby restricting its access to Bacillus subtilis in co-cultures. Given the global ubiquity of Streptomyces in soil, this pathway likely plays a significant role in soil ecology as well as carbon and nitrogen turnover on a global scale.