Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives 1955-2011 - Argentina, Australia, Austria...and 76 more

Abstract
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The World Bank’s research project on “Distortions to Agricultural Incentives” has produced a core database of Nominal Rates of Assistance to producers, or NRAs, together with a set of Consumer Tax Equivalents, or CTEs, for farm products and a set of Relative Rates of Assistance to farmers in 75 focus countries. This is a detailed core database.

The vast majority of the world’s poorest households depend on farming for their livelihood. In the past their earnings were often depressed by pro-urban and anti-agricultural biases of their own country’s policies. While progress has been made over the past two decades by numerous developing countries in reducing those policy biases, many trade-reducing price distortions remain intersectorally as well as within the agricultural sector of low-, middle- and high-income countries.

This project, in seeking to understand the extent, effects of and reasons behind that transformation, began by compiling new estimates of price distortions over the past half century. National country studies were undertaken in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe’s transition economies. They were supplemented with similar estimates and analytical narratives of policy trends in 20 high-income countries. Together those countries account for more than 90 percent of the value of global agricultural output.

The core database provides nominal rates of assistance estimates for the main individual commodities that together account for about 70 percent of the value of farm production in those countries, as well as guesstimates of the NRA for the 30 percent of farm production not covered. Also estimated is the NRA for non-agricultural tradables so as to compute a relative rate of assistance. Consumer tax equivalents are also provided for the covered products in each focus country, along with value of production and consumption at undistorted prices and of trade for each covered product and for non-covered farm products. The working paper no. 4612, available as external resources, serves as the "methodology paper" for this first database.

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Aggregate data [agg]

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{'Abstract': '世界银行关于‘农业激励扭曲’的研究项目，构建了一个核心数据库，其中包含了针对生产者的名义援助率（NRAs），以及一系列针对农产品和75个重点国家的农民相对援助率。这是一个详尽的核心数据库。

全球绝大多数最贫困的家庭依赖农业为生。在过去，他们收入的降低往往源于自身国家政策中亲城市和反农业的偏见。尽管在过去的二十年中，许多发展中国家在减少这些政策偏见方面取得了进展，但许多贸易减少的价格扭曲在低、中、高收入国家的跨行业以及农业部门依然存在。

本项目旨在探究这种转变的范围、影响及其背后的原因，首先对过去半个世纪的价格扭曲进行了新的估算。在非洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲以及欧洲的转型经济体中，对超过50个国家进行了国家层面的研究。这些研究得到了对20个高收入国家政策趋势相似估算和分析叙事的补充。这些国家合计占全球农业产出价值的90%以上。

核心数据库提供了主要单一商品的名义援助率估算，这些商品的总价值占那些国家农业生产价值的约70%，并对未涵盖的30%的农业生产进行了推测。此外，还估算了对非农业可贸易产品的NRA，以计算相对援助率。每个重点国家还提供了涵盖产品的消费者税等值，以及未扭曲价格下的生产和消费价值，以及每个涵盖产品和未涵盖农产品的贸易价值。工作论文第4612号，作为外部资源提供，是第一个数据库的‘方法论论文’。

Kind of data：
Aggregate data [agg]

Mode of data collection：
Other [oth]'}