NON-INVASIVE METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING IMPLANTATION MARKERS IN WOMEN WITH INFERTILITY DUE TO ENDOMETRIAL DYSFUNCTION

Introduction. Infertility is a multifactorial condition affecting millions of women globally, with significant im plications on both personal well-being and public health. Among the many causes of female infertility, endometrial dysfunction plays a crucial role, primarily by disrupting the proper implantation of embryos, a vital step in achieving pregnancy. Endometrial dysfunction involves abnormalities in the structure and function of the endometrial lining, making it unsuitable for embryo attachment and subsequent growth. Historically, diagnosing such dysfunctions re lied heavily on invasive methods like endometrial biopsy, which, despite their diagnostic value, present certain risks, including patient discomfort, procedural complications, and limited repeatability. In recent years, there has been in creasing interest in the development of non-invasive diagnostic methods that can offer similar diagnostic accuracy with less risk to patients.