Seawater carbonate chemistry and mortality, growth, and condition of Pacifc cod (Gadus macrocephalus) at early life stages

This study investigated the interactive efects of Ocean Warming and Ocean Acidification on Pacifc cod embryos and larvae by rearing fsh in a factorial experimental design at three temperatures crossed with two CO2 levels. The range of temperatures included cold (3 °C), mid (6 °C) and warm (10 °C) treatments, while an ambient and high (~ 1500 μatm) treatment were used for the CO2 levels. Collectively, these treatments spanned current and future ocean conditions within the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea regions of the eastern North Pacifc Ocean. Whole-animal traits, including mortality, growth, and condition, were measured throughout both the embryo and larval life stages.