Phylogenetic reconstruction based on mitogenomes reveals the paraphyly of the subfamilies Isotominae and Anurophorinae of Isotomidae (Collembola: Entomobryomorpha)

This project investigates the phylogenetic relationships within the family Isotomidae (Collembola) using mitochondrial genome data. We sequenced and assembled the complete mitochondrial genomes of three species (Parisotoma sp., Folsomia sp. 1, and Folsomia sp. 2) from Saihanba Forest Farm, China. By combining these with ten publicly available mitogenomes, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Isotomidae representing all four subfamilies (Isotominae, Proisotominae, Anurophorinae, and Pachyotominae). Phylogenetic analyses based on 13 protein-coding genes and two rRNA genes revealed significant incongruence with traditional morphology-based classification. Specifically, the study recovered the subfamilies Isotominae and Anurophorinae as paraphyletic, challenging current subfamilial boundaries. These genomic resources provide a foundation for the integrative taxonomic revision of Isotomidae.