A Redescription of <i>Kunpania Scopulusa</i>, a Bidentalian Dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the ?Guadalupian of Northwestern China

Permian dicynodonts were discovered in strata exposed on the flanks of the Bogda Mountains (Xinjiang, China) in 1928. Nearly all known specimens were collected in the Guodikeng Formation (= upper Wutonggou low-order cycle); the single exception is the holotype of <i>Kunpania scopulusa</i>, which originated in the underlying Quanzijie Formation. The Quanzijie Formation is generally considered Capitanian in age, which would make <i>Kunpania</i> one of the oldest known bidentalian dicynodonts, but the type of <i>K. scopulusa</i> has received little attention. Here we redescribe <i>K. scopulusa</i> and investigate its phylogenetic relationships. <i>Kunpania scopulusa</i> is a valid species diagnosed by the absence of anterior palatal ridges; a robust crista oesophagea; a prominent lateral dentary shelf; a posteriorly curving projection on the angular; and a large, triangular attachment area for M. latissimus dorsi on the humerus. Our phylogenetic analysis recovered <i>K. scopulusa</i> as a stemward member of Dicynodontoidea and the sister taxon of the South African species <i>Sintocephalus alticeps.</i> Depending on the precise age of the uppermost Quanzijie Formation, three scenarios describe the potential phylogenetic implications of <i>K. scopulusa</i>: (1) bidentalian dicynodonts diversified before the end-Guadalupian extinction, with little of their early history preserved; (2) the main diversifications of cryptodont and dicynodontoid bidentalians occurred in the aftermath of the end-Guadalupian extinction, with <i>K. scopulusa</i> representing the latter; (3) <i>K. scopulusa</i> is a contemporary of other mid–late Wuchiapingian dicynodontoids and the initial radiation of Dicynodontoidea is not preserved in the known fossil record.