Multi-Omics Integration Identifies a Prognostic Signature Guiding Precision Survival in Advanced HCC

Plasma samples were collected from 242 patients with advanced HCC (BCLC B-D) who received first-line systemic therapy at two medical centers, from January 2020 and December 2023. Plasma proteomic profiling was performed using the DB4000 Deep Blood DIA Proteome platform with data-independent acquisition and Astral mass spectrometry. Proteomic differences between survivors and non-survivors were assessed via principal component and differential abundance analyses. Candidate biomarkers were validated by ELISA, and their cellular origins and prognostic relevance were explored using single-cell RNA sequencing of HCC tissues.