Harlequin Frogs (Lysapsus) prefer mild places to park

Temperature affects most aspects of ectotherms’ life history, including physiology and behavior. Studying thermal sensitivity of jumping performance in frogs can help understanding the influence of temperature on different aspects of frog life. Still, studies on the effects of temperature on amphibians are commonly carried out on terrestrial and tree species, creating a gap for aquatic species. We experimentally tested the thermal sensitivity of jumping performance of the Uruguay Harlequin Frog, <i>Lysapsus limellum</i>, assessing three measures: response time, distance of first jump, and total distance travelled. We hypothesized that individuals submitted to extreme temperatures would increase response time, decrease first jump distance, and increase total jump distance. We used an arena with a gradient of air temperature (T_a) ranging from 20 to 40 ºC. We placed frogs at different T_a and stimulated them to jump. Then, we analysed the influence of T_a on the three estimates of jumping performance, using generalized additive models. We found that temperature affected all three measurements of jumping performance, but some relationships were stronger than others. Extreme temperatures increased response time, reduced first jump distance, and increased total distance. The effect was weaker for response time and first jump distance, but substantially stronger for total distance jumped. Although individuals under extreme temperatures experience a reduced jumping performance, they travelled longer distances to find areas with milder temperatures. Thus, we showed that <i>L. limellum</i> thermoregulates by means of behavior, moving through places at different thermal conditions. Additionally, benefits of displacing to thermally suitable places -in terms of enhanced jumping performance- are bigger than the costs of jumping at reduced locomotor performance, at least under experimental conditions. Our results can help understand how climate change affects the locomotor performance of Neotropical amphibians.