Ready Exerciser One: Effects of Music and Virtual Reality on Cycle Ergometer Exercise

<i>Objectives:</i> Physical inactivity remains a major global health concern and researchers have been encouraged to explore the role of technology in the promotion of physical activity. Technologies that deliver audio-visual stimuli are frequently applied in the exercise domain. However, there is a paucity of research that examines the efficacy of modern virtual reality (VR) technology in this context. We investigated the effects of VR and music on affective, perceptual, enjoyment, and cardiac responses to aerobic-type exercise. <i>Design:</i> A fully counterbalanced, within-subjects design was employed. <i>Methods:</i> A convenience sample of recreationally active adult volunteers (<i>N</i> = 24) completed a 12-min protocol during which they exercised under music, VR, VR-with-music, and control conditions. <i>Results:</i> Analyses indicated a Condition × Time interaction for affective valence and perceived activation. Moreover, a main effect of condition emerged for state attention and perceived enjoyment. The VR and VR-with-music conditions elicited the most positive affective valence, highest levels of perceived activation, greatest number of dissociative thoughts, and most exercise enjoyment. Differences between these two conditions were negligible across the breadth of dependent variables. <i>Conclusions:</i> The present findings illustrate the efficacy of modern VR technology in the exercise context, applied both with and without musical accompaniment. Additional research is required to assess the degree to which the findings are replicable among sedentary or ageing segments of the population. Given the emerging support pertaining to a positive relationship between affective responses and exercise adherence, VR technology should be considered as a means by which to promote an enjoyable exercise experience.