Supplementary Tables

This study is a cross-sectional case–control analysis investigating the effect of e-cigarette use on the subgingival oral mycobiome. Subgingival plaque samples from 123 systemically and periodontally healthy adults, including e-cigarette users, smokers, dual users, former smokers who vape, and never-smokers, were analyzed using whole-genome shotgun sequencing, with fungal taxa identified by Kraken2 and functional pathways annotated using KEGG, alongside bacterial–fungal correlation network analyses. The study concludes that e-cigarette use, irrespective of smoking history, is associated with distinct remodeling of the oral mycobiome characterized by increased fungal diversity, enrichment of stress-tolerant and metabolically adaptable fungi, and markedly enhanced cross-kingdom microbial interactions, indicating that vaping exerts a dominant ecological impact on the oral microbial environment rather than representing a biologically neutral alternative to smoking.