Effect of individual behavioral variation on pre-release training of red-and-green macaws

Empirical research indicates that interindividual behavioral variation among animals may significantly influence their behavioral expressions during pre-release training programs. Consequently, the present study seeks to examine the association between distinct personality traits exhibited by a cohort of 16 red-and-green macaws (<i>Ara chloropterus</i>)—comprising equal numbers of males and females—and their behavioral responses to pre-release training within the framework of a species reintroduction program. The behavioral distinctiveness of the macaws was assessed using the traditional ethological approach of behavioral coding, allowing for classification into three primary dimensions: exploration, aggressiveness, and sociability. Subsequently, the macaws underwent pre-release training, which encompassed environmental enrichment and anti-predator conditioning as preparatory measures for their reintroduction. As anticipated, environmental enrichment promoted heightened exploratory behaviors, while exposure to a predator model elicited vigilance and avoidance responses among the macaws. Consistent with expectations, individual behavioral traits did not serve as reliable predictors of vigilance or escape responses during anti-predator training. However, contrary to predictions, no significant correlation was identified between exploratory responses to novel food resources and individual scores for exploration and aggressiveness. These unexpected findings may be attributable to the shared origin of the macaws, as they were illegally captured from the wild and subsequently maintained in captivity. Under such conditions, individuals are subjected to inappropriate capture and handling practices, likely resulting in elevated stress levels and selective pressures that may favor the development of similar behavioral profiles. These findings highlight the critical role of individual history in avian reintroduction programs, emphasizing the necessity of accounting for the origins of birds when assessing their behavioral adaptability. Future research should further investigate the extent to which prior experiences and captive conditions influence behavioral traits and ultimately impact reintroduction success.