Supplementary file 2_Health science students’ knowledge, attitude, and readiness toward health management learning in the Gulf Cooperation Council region: a multi-institutional study.docx

BackgroundHealth management represents a core competency for healthcare professionals, especially in systems experiencing rapid reform and resource constraints. While traditionally overlooked in undergraduate curricula, it is vital for promoting efficiency, patient safety, and interprofessional collaboration.
MethodsFour universities were partner sites for this classroom-based research: Zayed University (ZU), with two campuses, the University of Sharjah (US), Princess Noura Bint Abdul Rahman University (PNU), and Kuwait University. A total of 307 health science students were recruited from each university through email and in-class invitations from August 2022 to January 2024. Following the data check, score variables were created for general knowledge, attitude, and readiness. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify significant predictors of knowledge and attitude.
ResultsStudents largely demonstrated a solid foundational understanding of core health management concepts. However, fewer students recognized the connection between health management and epidemiology. Those with prior exposure to health systems or economics courses were more likely to exhibit greater knowledge. Differences in knowledge levels were also observed across institutions. Positive attitudes toward pursuing a management role were more common among senior students but varied by academic background and university. Readiness to engage in health management learning was generally moderate and was higher among students with previous degree experience.
ConclusionStudents generally acknowledged the value of health management and demonstrated moderate readiness to engage with the topic. Prior coursework and academic standing influenced both knowledge and attitude. Strengthening undergraduate curricula with foundational management content may enhance student preparedness for future roles.