Primary geographic identity (baseline = local) and corruption permissibility1,2.

1Models with random country intercepts, country-level variables, or town population size (with country fixed effects) provide highly similar results, and so are not reported. Reported model n = 80,390. Country fixed effects not reported.2AIC selection criteria suggest that the model including primary geographic identity provides a better fit than the model with only controls (weighted AICin-group size = 1; AICnull = 79,565.87, AICin-group size = 79,489.08).3The intercept represents participants with regional identities, who had the lowest household resource shortfall, the lowest level of education, reported the lowest confidence in police and civil services, did not believe in God, had no children, were 0 years old, and male.Primary geographic identity (baseline = local) and corruption permissibility1,2.