Biomimetic electric interface-mediated cellular activation promotes diabetic wound healing via self-powered wearable thermoelectric patch

Exogenous electrical-field stimulation has been demonstrated as a pivotal means for accelerating chronic wound healing. However, its inhomogeneous electrical-field distribution along the depth axis would result in localized overstimulation and insufficient cellular activation, motivating the need of innovative electrical stimulation modalities to achieve controllable cellular modulation. In this work, we develop a spatially uniform microcurrent stimulation driven by a self-powered wearable Ag2Se thermoelectric patch integrated with a conductive hydrogel. The mechanically adaptive hydrogel conforms seamlessly to complex wound topographies, functioning as a conductive medium to deliver physiologically-relevant microcurrent across the interfaces of hydrogel-cells for cellular activation.