Stati e Costituzione: il federalismo autentico di John C. Calhoun (1782-1850)

This article is a brief exposition of the theory of federalism adopted by John C. Calhoun as a defense of the Southern States between 1828-1838. For Calhoun, the United States were something more than, and different from, a simple league of states, but should never become a centralized democracy ruled by absolute majorities. Government by majority rule at all levels meant abandonment of all constitutional guarantees. The right of a state to judge, as a last resort, constitutional limits imposed on the federal government should be defended at all costs; otherwise the United States would be destroyed, becoming first a full-grown modern State and then a dictatorship of the executive. While Calhoun’s political thought is in perfect harmony with the American founding, it was at odds with subsequent evolution of the federation: Government by judiciary has been the peculiar American answer to the problems posed, and never solved, by the logic of authentic federalism.