Assessing Urban Earthquake Resilience through an Integrated Indicator Framework: Engineering, Governance, and Community Dimensions in Sylhet, Bangladesh

Urban earthquake resilience is increasingly recognized as a multidimensional challenge that extends beyond structural safety to include governance capacity, community preparedness, and coordinated recovery. This study assesses urban earthquake resilience through an integrated indicator framework encompassing engineering, governance, and community dimensions, with application to Sylhet, Bangladesh, a seismically exposed and resource-constrained urban context. Using a PRISMA-ScR-guided scoping review and Walker and Avant’s concept analysis, we systematically reviewed global literature published between January 2000 and February 2026 to identify and synthesize the defining attributes and measurable indicators of earthquake resilience. The Sylhet assessment reveals important gaps in redundancy planning, stakeholder coordination, and resource mobilization, despite some progress in seismic-resistant infrastructure and risk awareness. These findings indicate that physical improvements alone are insufficient without stronger governance integration and community-level capacity building.