HadUK-Grid Gridded Climate Observations on a 1km grid over the UK, v1.1.0.0 (1836-2021)

HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The datasets cover the UK at 1 km x 1 km resolution. These 1 km x 1 km data have been used to provide a range of other resolutions and across countries, administrative regions and river basins to allow for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1836 to 2021, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The gridded data are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost. This data set supersedes the previous versions of this dataset which also superseded UKCP09 gridded observations. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation). The changes for v1.1.0.0 HadUK-Grid datasets are as follows: * The addition of data for calendar year 2021 * The addition of 30 year averages for the new reference period 1991-2020 * An update to 30 year averages for 1961-1990 and 1981-2010. This is an order of operation change. In this version 30 year averages have been calculated from the underlying monthly/seasonal/annual grids (grid-then-average) in previous version they were grids of interpolated station average (average-then-grid). This order of operation change results in small differences to the values, but provides improved consistency with the monthly/seasonal/annual series grids. However this order of operation change means that 1961-1990 averages are not included for sfcWind or snowlying variables due to the start date for these variables being 1969 and 1971 respectively. * A substantial new collection of monthly rainfall data have been added for the period before 1960. These data originate from the rainfall rescue project (Hawkins et al. 2022) and this source now accounts for 84% of pre-1960 monthly rainfall data, and the monthly rainfall series has been extended back to 1836. Net changes to the input station data used to generate this dataset: -Total of 122664065 observations -118464870 (96.5%) unchanged -4821 (0.004%) modified for this version -4194374 (3.4%) added in this version -5887 (0.005%) deleted from this version The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The output from a number of data recovery activities relating to 19th and early 20th Century data have been used in the creation of this dataset, these activities were supported by: the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme; the Natural Environment Research Council project "Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK"; the UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Strategic Priorities Fund UK Climate Resilience programme; The UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Public Engagement programme; the National Centre for Atmospheric Science; National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the NERC GloSAT project; and the contribution of many thousands of public volunteers. The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.

HadUK-Grid是一套源自英国陆地表面观测网络的网格化气候变量数据集。该数据集将气象站观测数据插值至统一网格，以实现英国全境完整且一致的覆盖范围。本数据集采用1千米×1千米的空间分辨率覆盖英国全域。依托这套1千米×1千米的原始数据，可生成多种其他空间分辨率的数据，并可适配英国全境、各国、行政区及流域尺度，以便与UKCP18气候预估数据开展对比分析。数据集的时间跨度为1836年至2021年，但具体起始时间取决于气候变量类型与时间分辨率。该网格化数据涵盖日、月、季、年多个时间尺度，同时还包含多套气候学参考时段的长期平均值序列。所包含的气候变量包括气温（最高温、最低温与平均气温）、降水量、日照时数、平均海平面气压、风速、相对湿度、水汽压、积雪日数以及地面霜冻日数。本数据集取代了此前的版本，而此前版本亦已取代UKCP09网格化观测数据集。后续版本将适时发布，并将遵循Hollis等人（2018年，详见关联文档）所规定的版本编号规则。HadUK-Grid v1.1.0.0版本的更新内容如下：
* 新增2021日历年的观测数据
* 新增1991-2020年新参考时段的30年平均值序列
* 对1961-1990年及1981-2010年的30年平均值序列进行更新。本次更新涉及计算流程的调整：本版本中，30年平均值由底层月、季、年网格化数据直接计算得到（先网格化后取平均）；而此前版本则是先对插值后的台站平均值进行网格化（先取平均后网格化）。该计算流程的调整虽会导致数值存在小幅差异，但可提升与月、季、年序列网格数据的一致性。不过，由于sfcWind与snowlying变量的起始观测时间分别为1969年和1971年，因此本次更新后，这两类变量不再提供1961-1990年的30年平均值序列。
* 新增了1960年之前的大量逐月降水数据。此类数据源自Hawkins等人2022年的降水拯救项目，目前该数据源占1960年前逐月降水数据总量的84%，且逐月降水序列已回溯至1836年。

生成本数据集所使用的输入台站数据的净变化如下：
- 总观测记录数达122664065条
- 118464870条（占比96.5%）未作修改
- 4821条（占比0.004%）在本版本中进行了修正
- 4194374条（占比3.4%）为本次版本新增
- 5887条（占比0.005%）在本版本中被移除

本数据集的核心用途为支撑英国气候监测，以及气候变化、影响与适应相关的研究工作。本数据集由英国气象局（Met Office）牵头制作，获得了商业、能源与工业战略部（Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, BEIS）以及环境、食品与农村事务部（Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, DEFRA）的经费支持，旨在支撑公共气象服务客户组（Public Weather Service Customer Group, PWSCG）、哈德利中心气候计划以及英国气候预测（UKCP18）项目。本数据集的制作还用到了多项针对19世纪及20世纪早期气象数据的抢救项目成果，此类项目的支持方包括：英国气象局哈德利中心气候计划；英国自然环境研究理事会（Natural Environment Research Council）‘英国历史干旱与水资源短缺分析’项目；英国研究与创新署（UK Research & Innovation, UKRI）战略优先基金英国气候韧性计划；英国自然环境研究理事会（NERC）公众参与项目；英国国家大气科学中心（National Centre for Atmospheric Science）；英国国家大气科学中心与NERC GloSAT项目；以及数以千计的公众志愿者的贡献。本数据集以开放政府许可（Open Government Licence）协议发布。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

HadUK-Grid是一个英国1公里网格化气候观测数据集，覆盖1836年至2021年，基于气象站数据插值生成，提供气温、降水等多种气候变量的日、月、季节和年尺度数据。该数据集主要用于监测英国气候和支持气候变化研究，版本v1.1.0.0更新了2021年数据和30年平均值参考期，并改进了数据计算方法以确保一致性。