Intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila complements the therapeutic efficacy of PD1 therapy by reshaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma [16S]

16S rRNA sequencing showed that Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk) decreased during the course of HCC tumor development, and daily administration of Akk not only ameliorated liver steatosis and cholesterol biosynthesis but also effectively attenuated the development of NAFLD-induced HCC. Overall design: NAFLD-induced HCC mouse model was established upon injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and a high-fast diet (HFD) using C57BL/6 mice. The mice developed hepatocellular carcinoma in 35 weeks. During the course of HCC tumor development, feces were collected at five different time points, and corresponding fecal DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA sequencing.