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Phosphorylated condensin I promotes condensation of prometaphase chromosomes

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While condensin II complex (consisting of subunits SMC2, SMC4, NCAPD3, NCAPG2 and NCAPH2), responsible for condensation of chromosomes in prophase (Hirota et al. 2004, Abe et al. 2011), is nuclear, condensin I is cytosolic and gains access to chromosomes only after the nuclear envelope breakdown at the start of prometaphase (Ono et al. 2004). Condensin I, activated by CDK1 phosphorylation (Kimura et al. 1998, Kimura et al. 2001, Takemoto et al. 2006, Murphy et al. 2008), promotes further condensation of chromosomes in prometaphase and metaphase, visible as longitudinal chromosome shortening (Hirota et al. 2004). Besides CDK1-mediated phosphorylation, association of condensin I with chromosomes may be regulated by AURKB (Lipp et al. 2007). In budding yeast, condensin phosphorylation by Cdc2 (CDK1 ortholog) is followed by Cdc5-mediated phosphorylation (Cdc5 is PLK1 ortholog), which is important for the sustained mitotic activity of condensin complex (St-Pierre et al. 2009). Phosphorylation by PLK1 is also important for the activation of human condensin II complex (Abe et al. 2011).

尽管凝缩素II复合物(由亚基SMC2、SMC4、NCAPD3、NCAPG2和NCAPH2组成,负责在有丝分裂前期染色体凝缩,参见Hirota等人,2004年;Abe等人,2011年),该复合物位于细胞核中,而凝缩素I则存在于细胞质中,且仅在前期中期核膜破裂后才能进入染色体。凝缩素I通过CDK1磷酸化(参见Kimura等人,1998年;Kimura等人,2001年;Takemoto等人,2006年;Murphy等人,2008年)被激活,并在前期中期促进染色体进一步凝缩,表现为纵向染色体缩短(参见Hirota等人,2004年)。除了CDK1介导的磷酸化外,凝缩素I与染色体的结合可能还受到AURKB(参见Lipp等人,2007年)的调控。在酵母中,凝缩素由Cdc2(CDK1同源物)磷酸化后,接着由Cdc5(PLK1同源物)介导的磷酸化,这对于维持凝缩素复合物的有丝分裂活性至关重要(参见St-Pierre等人,2009年)。PLK1的磷酸化对于激活人类凝缩素II复合物(参见Abe等人,2011年)也至关重要。
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