CHRONIC HEART FAILURE: MODERN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT

Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from structural or functional cardiac abnormalities that impair the ability of the heart to pump or fill adequately. It represents one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among the elderly population. Despite advances in pharmacological and device-based therapies, CHF continues to impose a significant burden on healthcare systems. This article provides a comprehensive review of the modern understanding of pathophysiology, classification, diagnostic strategies, and evidence-based management of chronic heart failure. Special emphasis is placed on neurohormonal mechanisms, updated clinical guidelines, and emerging therapeutic approaches that improve survival and quality of life.