Table 1 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 1. Courtship behaviors of eastern North American woodland salamander species (eastern Plethodon). Species groups: PCG ¼ P. cinereuS group, PWG ¼ P. welleri group, and PGG ¼ P. glutinoSuS group. Species: ci ¼ P. cinereuS, ri ¼ P. richmondi, we ¼ P. welleri, an ¼ P. anguSticlaViuS, do ¼ P. dorSaliS, yo ¼ P. yonahloSSee, ke ¼ P. kentucki, pe ¼ P. petraeuS, ou ¼ P. ouachitae, ca ¼ P. caddoenSiS, Sh ¼ P. Shermani, cy ¼ P. cylindraceuS, and mo ¼ P. montanuS. MG ¼ mental gland, TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk, F ¼ female only behavior, M ¼ male only behavior, FM ¼ each sex exhibits behavior, and D ¼ duet behavior with both female and male actions. *Rare or infrequent occurrence of behavior. d Behavior may differ from similar behavior in other species.? ¼ occurrence of behavior is uncertain due to absent or limited observations. Blank cell (–) ¼ behavior not reported. See text and Appendix 1 for the description of each behavior.
GroupsGroups and species of eastern PlethodonBehaviorsPCGPWGPGGciriwean doyokepeoucaShcymo1. Nose-tap, 2. Stationary, 3. Move awayFMFMFMFM FMFMFMFMFMFMFMFMFM4. Move toward, 5. Head contact, 6. NudgingFMFMF*MFM F*MF*MFMF*MF*MF*MF*MF*MF*M7. Bite–––– ––F*MF*MM–M–M8. Foot dance–––– –M*MM dMMF*MMF*M9. Foot shuffleF––M M––M*–––––10. Tail waggingFMFMMFM FM––––––––11. Rubbing/sliding, 12. Head rubbingFMFM–FM M––––––––13. Head swingingMM–– ––––MM–––14. Joint head swinging–D*–– –––––––––15. High amplitude head swingingFF–– –––––––––16. Cloacal nudgingFMFM–FM –––––––––17. Cloacal rubbingF?–? –––––––––18. MG sliding (head sliding)MMMM MMMMMMMMM19. MG popping–––– ––M*MM*–M*M*M*20. MG tap or swipe on snout before 42–––– M–M–––M*M*M*21. MG tap or swipe not on snout–––– ––M*M*–––––22. Tail (or body*) flex in response to 18–––– –––F–––––23. Tail arch, 24. Undulate tailFMFMMFM MMF*MFMMMF*MMF*M25. High amplitude tail undulationsFF–? –––F–––––26. SnappingMM–– –––––––––27. PullingMFM?–– –––––––––28. Mouth grasping–––– –––M–––M–29. Snout high–––– ––F*F–––––30. Chin-to-chin–––– ––D–––D*––31. Tail straddle for 32 or 33MM–M M*––M–––––32. Discontinuous, female-first TSW–––– ––D d*D–––––33. Continuous, female-first TSWDD–D D*–D d*D–––––34. Turn back during 18, 32, or 33FF–F ––FF––F*–F*35. CirclingDD–D ––D d*D d–––––36. Snout under (lifting, crossing under)MMMM MMMMMMMMM37. Raise chin in response to 36 or before 38FFFF FFFFFFFFF38. Chin overFF–F FF*FFF*?F*F*F*39. Position for TSWMMMM MMMMMMMMM40. Turn around after 39 or 53M?MM MMMMMMMMM41. Tail straddle to initiate 42F?FF FFFFF?FFF42. Tail-straddling walkD?DD DDDDD?DDD43. Turn back during 42M*?–M * –MM––?MMM44. Raise head to receive 45–?–– ––F––?F–F45. MG slapping on snout during 42–?–M* –MM––?MMM46. Vent sliding at end of 42–?–– –MMMM?MMM47. Spermatophore depositionM?MM MMMMM?MMM48. Lateral head movements during 47–?F*– –––––?F*–F*49. Lead female over spermatophoreD?DD DDDDD?DDD50. Pass by spermatophoreF??F F*F*F?F*?F*F*F*51. Stop & lower vent, 52. Position on capF?FF FFFFF?FFF53. Stationary with tail flexedM?MM MM dMMM?MMM54. Eat spermatophore cap and/or base–?–– M–MMM?M–MSpecies reference number for source(s)1234 5678910111213
Sources: 13 Organ, 1958; 12 Organ, 1960a; 3 Organ, 1960b; 13 MacMahon, 1964; 1,2,3,6,9,10,12,13 Arnold, 1972; 11,13 Arnold, 1976; 1 Gergits and Jaeger, 1990; 7 Marvin and Hutchison, 1996; 11 Houck and Arnold, 2003; 5 Picard, 2005; 1,2,4 Dyal, 2006; 11 Eddy et al., 2012; 6 Pierson et al., 2017; 7,8 current study