The effects of urbanisation on pollinators and pollination: A meta-analysis

Urbanisation is increasing worldwide, with major impacts on biodiversity, species interactions and ecosystem functioning. Pollination is an ecosystem function vital for terrestrial ecosystems and food security; however, the processes underlying the patterns of pollinator diversity and the ecosystem services they provide in cities have seldom been quantified. Here, we perform a comprehensive meta-analysis of 133 studies examining urbanisation effects on pollinator diversity and pollination. Our results confirm the widespread negative impacts of urbanisation on pollinator richness and abundance, with Lepidoptera being the most affected group. Furthermore, pollinator responses were found to be trait-specific, with below-ground nesting and solitary Hymenoptera and spring flyers more severely affected by urbanisation. Meanwhile, cities promote non-native pollinators, which may exacerbate conservation risks to native species. Surprisingly, despite the negative effects of urbanisation on polli..., , Excel, Word, R studio,