Use of dietary phytogenics and galactomannan oligosaccharides in low fish meal and fish oil-based diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): effects on gut microflora.

Nine hundred European sea bass juveniles were fed for 63 days with four low FM/FO (10%/6%) diets containing no additive (CTRL), galactomannan oligosaccharides (GMOS), a mixture of garlic oil and labiatae-plants oils (PHYTO) or their combination (GMOSPHYTO). At the end of feeding trial six fish per group were sampled for high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing (MiSeq platform, Illumina). Both autochthonous (resident) and allochthonous (transient) intestinal microbial communities were analyzed starting from mucosa and fecal samples, respectively.