Microwave and millimeter wave signals reflectance of soil carbon content

Agricultural and forestry biomass can be converted to biochar through pyrolysis gasification, making it a significant carbon source for soil. Applying biochar to soil is a carbon-negative process that helps combat climate change, sustain soil biodiversity, and regulate water cycling. However, quantifying soil carbon content conventionally is time-consuming, labor-intensive, imprecise, and expensive, making it difficult to accurately measure in-field soil carbon's effect on storage water and nutrients. To address this challenge, for the first time, we report on extensive lab tests demonstrating non-intrusive methods for sensing soil carbon and related smart biochar applications, such as differentiating between biochar types from various biomass feedstock species, monitoring soil moisture, and biochar water retention capacity using portable microwave and millimeter wave sensors and machine learning. The datasets provide details on the microwave and millimeter wave reflectance signals. We ..., The microwave sensor operated at a sampling frequency of 10.24 GHz, and each sample was measured 10 times to mitigate random error. Similarly, the millimeter-wave sensor, functioning within the 62 GHz to 69 GHz frequency range, replicated the microwave sensor's sampling instances to diminish error probabilities. We established 150 sampling points within the specified frequency band, setting the resolution bandwidth (RBW) at 100 kHz to balance sweep time efficiency and noise reduction. Additionally, samples were consistently positioned less than 2 centimeters beneath the direct millimeter-wave radar sensor for measurement consistency.
Soil samples were obtained from almond orchards and carefully filtered to remove large particles like stones. The biochar used was derived from a variety of sources, including 100% orchard prunings, walnut shells, pure wood, almond shells, and pinewood, designated as samples 1 through 5, respectively. In subsequent experiments, the soil was evenly spread to..., Please use Matlab or Numpy to load mat files. , # Microwave and Millimeter wave signals reflectance of Soil Carbon Content

## Reference Information

Authors: Di An, YangQuan Chen

Data Created: 04/10/2023

Data Modified: 05/08/2023

Suggested Citations: Dataset: An, Di; Chen, YangQuan (2023), Microwave and millimeter wave signals reflectance of soil carbon content, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.6071/M3M092

Corresponding publication: An, D., & Chen, Y. (2023). Non-intrusive soil carbon content quantification methods using machine learning algorithms: A comparison of microwave and millimeter wave radar sensors. Journal of Automation and Intelligence, 2(3), 152-166.

## Data and File Overview

There are a total of 10 datasets: 5 for microwave and 5 for millimeterwave, respectively. The name meaning as follows:
\"amount_biochar_microwave\", \"final_soilContent_low_millimeterwave\" = Different Soil Carbon Amount Recognition
\"type_biochar_microwave\", \"final_biochar_low_millimeterwave\" = Different Types of Soil Carbon Classification
...