Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Iron in Northern China Based on Three-Year Continuous Measurements
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Atmospheric iron (Fe) impacts atmospheric chemistry and marine ecosystems. However, the scarcity of long-term observations limits insights into its source variations that may reflect emission controls. From September 2016 to December 2019, Fe in atmospheric fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) was measured in Beijing. Positive Matrix Factorization was used to apportion Fe sources. Results showed nearly 50% of Fe originated from anthropogenic sources, primarily industrial processes (30%) and coal combustion (17%). Although PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations decreased significantly, the Fe component of PM<sub>2.5</sub> did not show a significant decline. Instead, annual source contributions changed with dust source rising from 45% to 61%, while combustion sources decreased from 27% to 12%.
