Haplogroup Divergence Values and Time Estimates of Cattle mtDNA Haplogroups Obtained by Using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and ρ Statistics.

aIn addition to the eight new Q and R mtDNA sequences (GenBank accession numbers FJ971080 to FJ971087), these include 106 sequences previously reported by Achilli et al. [9], one by Hiendleder et al. [27], and a novel one from Mongolia belonging to haplogroup I1 (GenBank accession number FJ971088).
bAverage number of base substitutions in the mtDNA coding region (between nps 364 and 15791) from the ancestral sequence type. For haplogroups REPQTI, REPQT, PQT, QT, T and I, the contribution to ρ from each subclade is weighted based on their individual standard errors.
cEstimate of the time to the most recent common ancestor of each clade, using a mutation rate estimate of 3,172 years per substitution in the whole coding region (15,428 bp) [9].
dThe ML age for this haplogroup, defined only by a control-region motif, was calculated separately.
eIncluding T4 mtDNAs.