Genotypes of ancient individuals analyzed in Zeng, Vyazov, Kim et al. Nature 2025

By generating genome-wide data for 181 ancient individuals throughout the North Eurasian forest and forest-steppe zones, we show the Early to Mid-Holocene hunter-gatherers harbored a continuous gradient of ancestry from fully European-related in the Baltic to fully East Asian- related in the Transbaikal. Contemporaneous groups in Northeast Siberia were off-gradient, and descended from a population that was the primary source for Native Americans, which then mixed with populations of Inland East Asia and the Amur River Basin to produce two populations whose expansion coincided with the collapse of pre-Bronze Age population structure. Ancestry from the first, Cis-Baikal Late Neolithic–Bronze Age (Cisbaikal_LNBA), is associated with Yeniseian-
speaking groups and those that admixed with them, and ancestry from the second, Yakutia Late Neolithic–Bronze Age (Yakutia_LNBA), is associated with migrations of prehistoric Uralic speakers. We show that Yakutia_LNBA first dispersed westwards from the Lena River Basin around 4000 years ago into the Altai-Sayan region and into West Siberian communities associated with Seima-Turbino metallurgy—a suite of advanced bronze casting techniques that expanded explosively from the Altai. The 16 Seima-Turbino-period individuals were diverse in their ancestry, also harboring DNA from Indo-Iranian-associated pastoralists and from a range of hunter-gatherer
groups. Thus, both cultural transmission and migration were key to the Seima-Turbino
phenomenon, which was involved in the initial spread of early Uralic-speaking communities.

本研究通过对北欧亚森林与森林草原带（North Eurasian forest and forest-steppe zones）内181例古代个体开展全基因组数据（genome-wide data）分析，揭示全新世早中期（Early to Mid-Holocene）的狩猎采集者（hunter-gatherers）呈现出连续的遗传祖源梯度：从波罗的海（Baltic）地区完全源自欧洲相关人群的祖源组分，到外贝加尔（Transbaikal）地区完全源自东亚相关人群的祖源组分。东北西伯利亚（Northeast Siberia）的同期人群则偏离这一祖源梯度，其祖源来自一类作为美洲原住民（Native Americans）主要遗传来源的古人群，该人群后续与内陆东亚（Inland East Asia）及阿穆尔河流域（Amur River Basin）人群发生混血，最终形成两个群体，其扩张事件与青铜时代前的人群结构瓦解时间高度吻合。第一类群体为贝加尔湖西侧晚新石器时代-青铜时代人群（Cisbaikal_LNBA），其祖源特征与叶尼塞语系（Yeniseian-speaking）人群及其混血人群相关；第二类群体为雅库特地区晚新石器时代-青铜时代人群（Yakutia_LNBA），其祖源特征与史前乌拉尔语系（Uralic）使用者的迁徙活动密切相关。研究表明，Yakutia_LNBA人群最早于约4000年前从勒拿河流域（Lena River Basin）向西扩散，进入阿尔泰-萨彦岭（Altai-Sayan）地区以及与谢米-图尔宾诺冶金术（Seima-Turbino metallurgy）相关的西西伯利亚社群——该技术是一套从阿尔泰地区爆发式扩张的先进青铜铸造技术。16例谢米-图尔宾诺时期个体的祖源构成具有显著多样性，同时携带来自印伊语系相关游牧民（Indo-Iranian-associated pastoralists）及多类狩猎采集者群体的遗传物质。因此，文化传播（cultural transmission）与人群迁徙均是谢米-图尔宾诺现象（Seima-Turbino phenomenon）形成的关键因素，而该现象也与早期乌拉尔语系社群的初始扩散过程密切相关。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集提供了181个古代个体的基因型数据，覆盖北欧亚森林和森林草原带，揭示了从波罗的海到外贝加尔的祖先连续性梯度。数据关联了塞马-图尔比诺冶金现象和早期乌拉尔语社区的扩散，强调了文化传播和迁移在史前人口结构演变中的作用。