ADVANCEMENTS IN DEFLUORIDATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Higher fluoride concentrations in groundwater have been reported in more than 20 developed and developing countries.In the quest for ensuring safe drinking water, the removal of fluoride has emerged as a critical concern globally. This comprehensive review paper delves into the realm of defluoridation technologies, exploring a myriad of methods employed to mitigate excess fluoride levels in water sources. By meticulously examining traditional techniques alongside cutting-edge advancements, this paper provides a detailed analysis of the evolution of defluoridation technologies. From adsorption processes to membrane technologies and electrocoagulation methods, diverse array of approaches are scrutinized for their efficacy in addressing the pressing issue of fluorosis. Through a systematic evaluation of the strengths and limitations of each technology, this review aims to offer valuable insights into the current landscape of defluoridation methodologies. By synthesizing existing knowledge with recent innovations, this paper highlights the progress made in combating fluoride contamination and also underscores the ongoing need for continuous research and development in this crucial field. It has been concluded that the selection of treatment process should be site-specific as per local needs and prevailing conditions as each technology has some limitations and no one process can serve the purpose in diverse conditions.