Muscle force-length dynamics during walking over obstacles indicates delayed recovery and a shift towards more strut-like function in birds with proprioceptive deficit

Recent studies of in vivo muscle function in guinea fowl revealed that distal leg muscles rapidly modulate force and work to stabilize running in uneven terrain. Previous studies focused on running only, and it remains unclear how muscular mechanisms for stability differ between walking and running. Here we investigate in vivo function of the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) during walking over obstacles. We compare muscle function in birds with intact (iLG) versus self-reinnervated LG (rLG). Self-reinnervation results in proprioceptive feedback deficit due to loss of monosynaptic stretch reflex. We test the hypothesis that proprioceptive deficit results in decreased modulation of EMG activity in response to obstacle contact, and a delayed obstacle recovery compared to iLG. We found that total myoelectric intensity (Etot) of iLG increased by 68% in obstacle strides (S 0) compared to level terrain, suggesting a substantial reflex-mediated response. In contrast, Etot of rLG increased by 31% in S 0 strides compared to level, but also increased by 43% in the first post-obstacle (S+1) stride. In iLG, muscle force and work differed significantly from level only in the S 0 stride, indicating a single-stride recovery. In rLG, force increased in S 0, S+1, and S+2 compared to level, indicating three-stride obstacle recovery. Interestingly, rLG showed little variation in work output and shortening velocity obstacle terrain, indicating a shift towards near isometric strut-like function. Reinnervated birds also adopt a more crouched posture across level and obstacle terrains compared to intact birds. These findings suggest gait specific control mechanisms in walking and running.

Methods
See publication for detailed instruction on data collection protocols. 

The data in this kinematics data sheet consist of 1987 strides of 12 individual guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) walking on a treadmill. The muscle dynamics table consists of 1344 strides during which EMG activation, muscle shortening dynamics and muscle force were collected. 6 of these animals were of an intact (I) cohort, the other 6 had undergone a self-reinnervation treatment at the LG muscle, resulting in a proprioceptive deficit in this muscle. The data presented in this datasheet has been used in the statistical analysis to produce the figures and statistics in the paper.