Replication Data for: Harnessing Backlash: How leaders can benefit from antagonizing foreign actors

Leaders nearly always claim that their diplomatic campaigns are intended to attract foreign support. However, many diplomacy campaigns fail spectacularly in this regard. While these events have largely been explained as diplomatic failures, I argue that alienating the apparent target of an international diplomatic campaign can be a deliberate strategy leaders use to win domestic support. Under certain conditions, a costly backlash from a foreign actor can be a credible signal that the leader shares the domestic audience's preferences. Therefore, by intentionally provoking a backlash from a valuable foreign actor, leaders can exchange foreign condemnation for an increase in domestic support. I support this argument with evidence from Netanyahu's 2015 speech to the U.S. Congress. I show that, as expected by this theoretical framework, Netanyahu's efforts resulted in a significant backlash among American Democrats and a corresponding increase of support among right-wing Israelis, a crucial constituency for his upcoming election.