Rover–Aerial Vehicle Exploration Network (RAVEN): Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) Surveys

This item contains data products from UAS surveys conducted at Holuhraun (Iceland) as part of (or utilized for) the Rover–Aerial Vehicle Exploration Network (RAVEN) NASA PSTAR project. For more information on the RAVEN project, please see the Focus Issue in The Planetary Science Journal: https://iopscience.iop.org/collections/psj-240707-01.There are a total of 12 surveys included in this dataset. For each survey, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), orthomosaic, and metadata are included. In addition to the survey results, there are two key files:Processing_Data_RAVEN_UAS.xlsx: A summary table providing camera, processing, and georeferencing information for all UAS surveys included in the datasetREADME.txt: A Read Me file listing all file types and file names, methods, and additional information for the dataset.Five types of UAS sensors were used to collect data for the surveys:DJI Matrice 300 with Zenmuse P1 35mm photogrammetric camera (4 Surveys: RAVEN Context, RAVEN High Res, Propwash Survey 1, Propwash Survey 2)DJI Matrice 300 with Zenmuse L1 EP800 optical camera (3 Surveys: Sand Ramp L1 July 25, Sand Ramp L1 August 5, Sand Ramp 2023 L1)DJI Matrice 300 with Zenmuse L1 lidar sensor (3 Surveys: Sand Ramp Lidar July 25, Sand Ramp Lidar August 5, Sand Ramp 2023 Lidar)Trimble UX5-HP fixed-wing with a Sony a7R camera (1 Survey: Holuhraun 2018 Northern Lava Flow Margin)DJI Phantom 3 Pro built-in camera (1 Survey: Holuhraun 2015 Northern Lava Flow Margin)Surveys using the DJI Matrice 300 UAS were flown in 2022 and 2023 by Christopher Hamilton and Joana Voigt. The UAS was paired with a DJI D-RTK 2 High Precision GNSS Mobile Station to provide real-time kinetic positioning of the UAS. This system allowed for precise automated flight and high-accuracy image geotags, with a positional accuracy of &lt;5 cm. Data from the DJI Matrice 300 was processed by Brett Carr at the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL). Photogrammetric processing of images from the Zenmuse P1 and Zenmuse L1 EP800 optical camera used Agisoft Metashape Pro v2.0.2 software and followed the workflow of Over et al. (2021, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021-1039, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039). Lidar data from the Zenmuse L1 was processed using DJI Terra software following the software’s standard processing workflow.Spatial reference for the “RAVEN Context” photogrammetric survey was provided by natural ground control points (e.g., rocks) identified in the “Holuhraun 2018 Northern Lava Flow Margin” survey. All other photogrammetric surveys used natural ground control points (GCPs) identified in the “RAVEN Context” survey. Products from photogrammetric surveys are in the WGS 84/UTM Zone 28N coordinate reference system (EPSG:32628). Positioning from the D-RTK 2 base station was used to provide spatial reference for the lidar surveys; no external GCPs were used. All lidar-derived products are in the ISN2016/Lambert 2016 coordinate reference system (EPSG:8088).Surveys using the Phantom 3 Pro UAS were flown in 2015 by Stephen Scheidt, and, in 2023, were processed by Stephen Scheidt at University of Maryland using Agisoft Metashape Pro v2.1.1 using a standard structure-from-motion (SfM) workflow (Over et al., 2021). Spatial reference was provided by 6 GCPs placed in the field prior to surveying and measured using a Trimble R10 GNSS receiver with 3 cm precision. The file “Holuhraun_2015_GCPs.zip” contains a point shapefile identifying the location of these GCPs. Products from this survey are in the ISN2004 / Lambert 2004 coordinate reference system (EPSG:5325).Surveys using the Trimble UX5-HP fixed-wing UAS were flown in 2018 by Stephen Scheidt and processed by Stephen Scheidt at the University of Arizona using Trimble Business Center (TBC) version 3.7. TBC is a proprietary software solution for post-processing GNSS surveys. It includes an integrated Aerial Photogrammetry Module (APM) offering full integration of GPS position corrections and photogrammetry workflows for the UX5-HP system. APM completes all major post-processing steps: camera and lens calibrations, calculations of interior and exterior camera position orientations, bundle adjustment, automatic tie point estimation, dense 3D point matching, and the computation of the final data products. TBC refines flight trajectories and camera coordinates using a post processing kinematic (PPK) localization workflow utilizing the GNSS receivers of a static base station (Trimble R10) and the UX5-HP UAS. Each camera trigger event (i.e., an image acquisition) is post processed to provide a spatial reference based on the control network of “air points” with 3 cm precision. Products from this survey are in the ISN2004 / Lambert 2004 coordinate reference system (EPSG:5325).We acknowledge the entire RAVEN team for assistance in the field. We thank the Vatnajökull National Park Service (Vatnajökulsþjóðgarður) for providing permission to work in the Holuhraun region.<br><i>For inquiries regarding the contents of this dataset, please contact the Corresponding Author listed in the README.txt file. Administrative inquiries (e.g., removal requests, trouble downloading, etc.) can be directed to [e-mail]</i><br>