Human-wildlife coexistence needs more evidence-based interventions to reduce the losses of crops, livestock, and fishery catches

Evidence-based interventions designed to reduce wildlife-caused losses are essential for human-wildlife coexistence. The lack of systematic summarization of research effort and evidence makes it challenging for researchers, managers, and policymakers to prioritize interventions for evaluation and implementation. 
Here, we compiled experimental case studies of nonlethal technical interventions designed to reduce the losses of crops, livestock, and fishery catches caused by terrestrial carnivores, elephants, farmland birds, and marine fauna worldwide. Then, we summarized the research effort and the performance of interventions by their sensory stimuli and target animals.
We found that: (i) 54 out of 88 interventions included in this study had statistically effective evidence, where only 39% (21/54) were evaluated with more than three experiments (ii) physical-, sound-, chemical-, and light (or visual) -based interventions were the most in numbers and their performance varied greatly; (iii..., Compilation of the list of case studies
We collected case studies from the six syntheses (van Eeden et al. 2018b; Khorozyan 2022; Lorand et al. 2022; Montgomery et al. 2022; Huang et al. 2023; Huang et al. 2024), which were based on systematic search schemes and provided the most comprehensive lists of case studies to our knowledge. For terrestrial carnivores, van Eeden et al. (2018b) compiled 114 case studies based on four systematic reviews (Miller et al. 2016; Treves, Krofel & McManus 2016; Eklund et al. 2017; van Eeden et al. 2018a); Lorand et al. (2022) compiled 103 studies; and Khorozyan (2022) compiled 244 studies to summarize the study designs. For elephants, Montgomery et al. (2022) compiled 95 studies. For farmland birds, Huang et al. (2023) compiled 48 studies. For marine fauna, Huang et al. (2024) compiled 119 studies. After removing the duplicated studies, 594 case studies were left for the initial list (Fig, S1).
Inclusion criteria
These six syntheses had different inc..., , # Human-wildlife coexistence needs more evidence-based interventions to reduce the losses of crops, livestock, and fishery catches

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmsvb](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.wwpzgmsvb)

## Description of the data and file structure

The dataset include three files: 1_List_of_included_literature.xlsx, 2_Experimental_information_of_interventions.xlsx, and 3_Analysis_code.html.

### 1\_List\_of\_included\_literature.xlsx 

#### This table is a list of 615 papers initially included in this study. 

Source: case studies were collected from six syntheses.

StudyID: unique id of a case study.

Title: title of a case study.

PublishYear: year of a case study published.

Accessible: whether a paper is accessible online.

### 2\_Experimental\_information\_of\_interventions.xlsx

#### This table is the information of interventions and their outcome in reducing wildlife-related losses.

StudyID: unique id of a case study.

Country1: countries’ territory of study locati...