Enhanced Operator-Theoretic EigenBatteries Framework: A Predictive Spectral Framework for Coupled Degradation Dynamics in Lithium-Ion Systems

This work introduces the Enhanced Operator-Theoretic EigenBatteries Framework, a novel spectral approach for predicting and managing degradation in lithium-ion batteries. By analyzing the eigenvalues of governing partial differential equations that describe coupled thermomechanical-electrochemical processes, the framework links fundamental battery physics to observable degradation phenomena such as Li-plating and capacity fade. It enables real-time monitoring of degradation precursors through eigenvalue estimation and facilitates adaptive control strategies via model predictive control (MPC) to extend battery lifespan. Experimental validation protocols and potential for design optimization are also discussed. Code and data related to this work are available