southern corn rust dataset

Southern rust of maize. Southern corn rust is one of the most common diseases in tropical and subtropical corn growing areas. Fast epidemic speed has a serious impact on yield. It is more dangerous than common corn rust. The pathogen of the disease overwinters in the winter corn growing areas along the southern coast. During a growing season, summer spores spread from south to north along with warm and humid air flow over a long distance. Hainan and Taiwan provinces in China are distributed, but in recent years, large-scale occurrence has occurred in some parts of the north, with a trend of spreading northward. The pathogen produces summer spores, which spread with the wind and rain, and is harmful to rolling. The pathogen can not live without the host plant for a long time. Symptoms are similar to those of common rust, but the color of summer spore heap of common rust is rust yellow, and that of summer spore heap of Southern rust is orange yellow. After the pathogen infects, the small green spots on the leaves become yellowish-brown protuberant blisters, i.e. the summer spore heap of the pathogen. Different from the common rust, the main symptoms of summer spores are that summer spores pile up on the front of leaves, which are abundant and densely distributed, and rarely on the back of leaves. Sometimes a small amount of summer spore piles appeared on the back of leaves, but only in the midrib and its vicinity. Summer spores are round and oval, smaller and lighter in color than those of common rust. The dehiscence of the epidermis covering the summer spore heap was slow but not obvious. In the late stage of onset, the winter spore heap was scattered near the summer spore heap. Winter spore heaps are dark brown to black, often with dark halos around them. The epidermis of the winter spore heap does not break. [Control methods]. [Planting disease-resistant varieties] The resistance of different maize varieties to rust is quite different, and using disease-resistant varieties is an effective way to control maize rust. [Scientific field management] timely sowing; appropriate reduction of nitrogen fertilizer, increased application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, timely spraying of foliar nutrients to improve disease resistance of maize plants; rational control of density, improve permeability. Early removal of plant debris in and around the field before planting, if found in the growing period should be timely pulled out and centralized destruction, maize harvest should also be timely removal of residual plants, stems and leaves, centralized burning or fertilization. Rotation and non-gramineous crop rotation can reduce the accumulation of pathogens. For sporadic maize, the diseased plants and residual disease bodies should be pulled out at any time. [Scientific field management] timely sowing; appropriate reduction of nitrogen fertilizer, increased application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, timely spraying of foliar nutrients to improve disease resistance of maize plants; rational control of density, improve permeability. Early removal of plant debris in and around the field before planting, if found in the growing period should be timely pulled out and centralized destruction, maize harvest should also be timely removal of residual plants, stems and leaves, centralized burning or fertilization. Rotation and non-gramineous crop rotation can reduce the accumulation of pathogens. For sporadic maize, the diseased plants and residual disease bodies should be pulled out at any time. [Pharmaceutical control, prevention mainly] Spraying agents containing difenoconazole, tebuconazole, triazolone, propiconazole, pyrimethyl ester, ethermycin ester and pyrazole ether ester can effectively alleviate the occurrence of Southern rust in late stage of maize trumpet-silking. Prevention plan: in order to prevent the occurrence of Southern rust, farmers can use 25% powder, 20%, three zolone pesticide spray control. If there is no prevention in the early stage, spraying in the early stage of rust can also control the incidence of rust and reduce the impact on production to a certain extent.

玉米南方锈病（Southern corn rust）是热带、亚热带玉米种植区最为常见的病害之一，其传播速度迅猛，对玉米产量造成严重危害，致病力强于普通玉米锈病。该病害的病原菌在南部沿海的冬玉米种植区越冬。在一个生长季内，夏孢子会随暖湿气流长距离由南向北扩散传播。我国海南、台湾两省均有该病害分布，但近年来北方部分地区已出现大规模发生，且呈现向北蔓延的趋势。病原菌产生夏孢子，借风雨传播并可进行重复侵染，且无法脱离寄主植物长期存活。
其症状与普通锈病相似，但普通锈病的夏孢子堆（summer spore heap）呈锈黄色，而南方锈病的夏孢子堆为橙黄色。病原菌侵染玉米后，叶片上的小型绿色病斑会逐渐发展为黄褐色隆起的疱斑，即病原菌的夏孢子堆。与普通锈病不同的是，南方锈病的夏孢子堆主要集中分布于叶片正面，数量繁多且排布密集，极少出现在叶片背面；若叶片背面偶见夏孢子堆，也仅分布于中脉及其邻近区域。夏孢子呈圆形或椭圆形，体型较普通锈病的夏孢子更小，颜色更浅。覆盖夏孢子堆的表皮开裂速度缓慢且不明显。
发病后期，冬孢子堆（winter spore heap）会散生于夏孢子堆附近，呈深褐色至黑色，周围常伴有暗色晕圈，且冬孢子堆的表皮不会破裂。
## 防治措施
### 种植抗病品种
不同玉米品种对锈病的抗性差异显著，选用抗病品种是防控玉米锈病的有效途径。
### 科学田间管理
适时播种；适当减少氮肥施用量，增施磷钾肥，及时喷施叶面营养以提升玉米植株的抗病性；合理调控种植密度，改善田间通透性。播种前需及时清除田内及周边的植物残体，生长季若发现病株需及时拔除并集中销毁；玉米收获后也应及时清除残留植株、茎秆及叶片，集中焚烧或还田。与非禾本科作物轮作可减少病原菌的积累。对于零星发生的田块，需随时拔除病株及残留病体。
### 药剂防控，预防为主
喷施含有苯醚甲环唑（difenoconazole）、戊唑醇（tebuconazole）、三唑酮（triazolone）、丙环唑（propiconazole）、嘧菌酯（pyrimethyl ester）、醚菌酯（ethermycin ester）与吡唑醚菌酯（pyrazole ether ester）的药剂，可在玉米大喇叭口至抽雄期有效减轻南方锈病的发生。
预防方案：为防控南方锈病的发生，种植户可使用25%粉剂、20%三唑酮类药剂进行喷雾防控。若前期未进行预防，在锈病发病初期喷施药剂，也可控制病害发生，一定程度上降低其对生产的影响。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集聚焦于玉米南方锈病，包含大量图像数据（3.21 GB，594个文件），用于研究这种在热带和亚热带地区常见的玉米病害，其症状包括叶片上的橙黄色夏孢子堆。数据集由中国科学院合肥智能机械研究所发布，采用CC0许可，便于学术和商业用途的公开访问。