Hypotheses and predictions tested for spatial distribution of ape nest and elephant dung counts.

1Hypotheses and predictions are species-specific and not all covariates apply to all species: E = Elephant, G = Gorilla, C = Chimpanzee.
2Not supported by model-based analysis but supported in part by design-based estimates by habitat type.
3Natural forest clearings that provide a concentrated, year-round source of herbaceous food plants and minerals for several wildlife species. Bais are fed by a permanent running water source, whereas yangas are ‘closed’ with no surface water entry or exit point.