Iraqi civilian deaths from perpetrators using particular methods: analysis of 60,481 deaths from 14,196 events of short-duration armed violence, March 20, 2003 through March 19, 2008.

aDeaths attributed to a single perpetrator group alone. Of the total 60,481 deaths, 2,230 deaths were attributed to “other” or “crossfire” and are not shown. Deaths were attributed to Unknown perpetrators if an unidentified perpetrator attacked a civilian target and to Anti-Coalition perpetrators if the target was Coalition or Coalition-associated.bShort-duration events lasting 2 d or less that caused at least one reported civilian death.cUnless noted, data are for events involving the single method used alone (e.g., small arms gunfire only, not events of combined gunfire and mortar fire).dThe extrajudicial killing of any captured individual by any method. Includes combatants extrajudicially executed postcapture, as after capture they become noncombatants protected under international humanitarian law [15],[16]. For executions only, “events” refer to events of discovering bodies, as events of killing by execution are usually hidden, and “mean” refers to number of bodies discovered.eOpen small arms gunfire, not including executions of captured individuals by gunfire.fIncluded in Totals are deaths from events involving “other,” “unknown,” or “combined” methods if attributable to the single perpetrator, not shown in the single-method rows above.SE, standard error.