The Socio-Economic Development of the Kyrgyz People in the 18th–19th Centuries

Abstract This article explores the socio-economic development of the Kyrgyz people in the 18th–19th centuries, focusing on the social structure, economic life, and cultural traditions of Kyrgyz society. Nomadic pastoralism formed the foundation of the economy, while agriculture and handicrafts gradually emerged in foothill regions. Trade relations with the Kokand Khanate, Khiva, and later with the Russian Empire played a vital role in shaping economic processes. The tribal system continued to dominate both political and cultural life, serving as a stabilizing but also limiting factor in economic progress. By analyzing historical sources and scholarly works, this study highlights the complex interaction between nomadic traditions and external political influences, demonstrating how these shaped Kyrgyz society during this transformative period.