<b>A bacterial effector manipulates host lysosomal protease activity-dependent plasticity in cell death modalities to facilitate infection</b>

Crosstalk between cell death programs confers appropriate host anti-infection immune responses, but how pathogens co-opt host molecular switches of cell death pathways to reprogram cell death modalities for facilitating infection remains largely unexplored. Here, we identify mammalian cell entry 3C (Mce3C) as a pathogenic cell death regulator secreted by<i> Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb), which causes tuberculosis featured with lung inflammation and necrosis. Mce3C binds host cathepsin B (CTSB), a non-caspase protease acting as a lysosome-derived molecular determinant of cell death modalities, to inhibit its protease activity towards BH3-interacting domain death agonist (BID) and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), thereby preventing the production of pro-apoptotic truncated BID (tBID) while maintaining the abundance of pro-necroptotic RIPK1. Disrupting the Mce3C-CTSB interaction promotes host apoptosis while suppressing necroptosis with attenuated Mtb survival and mitigated lung immunopathology in mice. Thus, pathogens manipulate host lysosomal protease activity-dependent plasticity in cell death modalities to promote infection and pathogenicity.