List of potential hotspots of AIV infection detected in our study.

These sites correspond to sampling occasions (top) at which the number of AIV-positive birds was above the threshold number of birds for which the hypothesis that prevalence is lower than 10% could not be rejected (see Figure 2). Sampling conducted in different years at the same sites during the same months and on the same species (below) detected a low number of AIV-positive birds.a. African jacana Actophilornis africana, Kittlitz's plover Charadrius pecuarius, Little stint Calidris minuta, Blacksmith lapwing Vanellus armatus, Slender-billed gull Chroicocephalus genei, Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola.