1672-1904年中国北京《晴雨录》中的降水记录数据集

晴雨录，指现存于中国第一历史档案馆（故宫）中的一种按日观测、记载天气现象与降水状况的观测档案。据《清会典》记载：“钦天监掌观天象，设观象台于京城东南隅，凡晴、雨、风、云、雷、霓、晕、珥、流星、异星皆察而记之。晴明风雨，汇录于册，为“晴明风雨录”，简称“晴雨录”。晴雨录记载内容包括逐日阴、晴、雨（分微雨、雨、大雨三级）、雪（分微雪、雪、大雪三级）和风向（分东、东南、南、西南、西、西北、北、东北八个方位）等，雨、雪等具体时间准确记载至时辰（相当于两小时）。北京晴雨录由钦天监负责观测，观象台置于京城东南隅，即今北京建国门立交桥西南的古观象台。现所见观测记录从康熙十一年正月初一日（1672年1月30）开始，至光绪二十九十二月三十（1904年2月15日）止。但其中康熙朝只有康熙十一年、十九年的记录。雍正朝至光绪朝的记录则基本完整，仅有数年缺失。

The Qingyulu (officially abbreviated as "Clear and Rainy Weather Records") refers to daily observational archives documenting weather phenomena and precipitation conditions, currently preserved in the First Historical Archive of China (housed in the Palace Museum). According to the *Collected Statutes of the Qing Dynasty (Qing Huidian)*, "The Imperial Astronomical Bureau (Qintianjian) is responsible for observing celestial phenomena, and established an observatory at the southeastern corner of the imperial capital. All phenomena including clear skies, rain, wind, clouds, thunder, rainbows, atmospheric halos, solar prominences, shooting stars and anomalous celestial bodies shall be observed and recorded. Clear weather and precipitation events shall be compiled into volumes, titled 'Clear and Rainy Weather Records', abbreviated as Qingyulu." The recorded contents of the Qingyulu include daily records of sky conditions (overcast, clear), rain (classified into three tiers: light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain), snow (classified into three tiers: light snow, moderate snow, heavy snow), and wind direction (divided into eight cardinal/intercardinal directions: east, southeast, south, southwest, west, northwest, north, northeast). The exact timing of rain, snow and other weather events is recorded down to the shichen, a traditional Chinese time unit equivalent to two hours. The Beijing Qingyulu was observed by the Imperial Astronomical Bureau, with its observatory situated at the southeastern corner of the imperial capital—this is the current location of the Ancient Observatory southwest of Beijing's Jianguomen Overpass. The surviving observational records span from the first day of the first lunar month of the 11th year of the Kangxi Emperor (January 30, 1672) to the 30th day of the 12th lunar month of the 29th year of the Guangxu Emperor (February 15, 1904). However, only the records from the 11th and 19th years of the Kangxi era are preserved. Records from the Yongzheng era through the Guangxu era are largely complete, with only a small number of years missing.

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

该数据集基于清代《晴雨录》档案，整理了中国北京1672年至1904年间的逐日降水记录，包括阴、晴、雨、雪和风向等详细天气观测数据，时间精度至时辰。数据覆盖近两个世纪，主要由雍正至光绪朝的完整记录构成，为历史气候研究提供了高分辨率的地面监测资料。